Section 1 - Conduct of vessels in any condition of visibility (Rules 4-７
Section 1 - Conduct of vessels in any condition of visibility (Rules 4-７)
Part B- Steering and Sailing (Rules 4-19)
Section 1 - Conduct of vessels in any condition of visibility (Rules 4-10)
Rule 4 Application
. Rules in this section apply in any condition of visibility.
COLREG Rule 5 Look-out
Rule 5 Look-out:
. Every vessel shall at all times maintain a proper look-out by sight and hearing as well as by all available means appropriate in the prevailing circumstances and conditions so as to make a full appraisal of the situation and of the risk of collision.
- 所有可用方法：VHF,ARPA,AIS,ECDIS,GPS，都是在风险自付下使用，就像我们看到MCA的指导书，ARPA 现在都被认为是雷达了望的一部分，如果当值船副没有使用阿帕，去撷取目标，会被认为没有保持避碰规则的雷达了望，就会增加案件判决里的过失比例。
- 所有可用方法：VHF,ARPA,AIS,ECDIS,GPS，都是在风险自付下使用，就像我们看到MCA的指导书，ARPA 现在都被认为是雷达了望的一部分，如果当值船副没有使用阿帕，去撷取目标，会被认为没有保持避碰规则的雷达了望，就会增加案件判决里的过失比例。
- all available means: VHF, ARPA, AIS, ECDIS, GPS is at your own risk to use as we see at MCA Guidance, but ARPA is now deem as part of RADAR if OOW did not have acquired target by ARPA usually deem as not complied with proper radar lookout in COLREG which will increase liability ratio in collision verdict.
-保持适当目视跟听力的了望：使用听力了望，只有一两海里的距离有用，因为声波的传播距离限制。VHF的了望会被认为是听力了望的一部分，这在法院的看法，会认为是对附近船只动态的警觉。使用视力了望受能见距的限制，也会被大雾和其他的气象理由所妨碍，任何碰撞案件的发生，不论任何理由，不论是暴风雨，大雾，恶劣天气，卫星定位不行，雷达故障，本船主机故障，或是其他船只的舵机故障，法院都会说你没有适当的了望，不论你有多少限制和在当时的情况下，你有多无能为力。
-保持适当目视跟听力的了望：使用听力了望，只有一两海里的距离有用，因为声波的传播距离限制。VHF的了望会被认为是听力了望的一部分，这在法院的看法，会认为是对附近船只动态的警觉。使用视力了望受能见距的限制，也会被大雾和其他的气象理由所妨碍，任何碰撞案件的发生，不论任何理由，不论是暴风雨，大雾，恶劣天气，卫星定位不行，雷达故障，本船主机故障，或是其他船只的舵机故障，法院都会说你没有适当的了望，不论你有多少限制和在当时的情况下，你有多无能为力。
- maintain a proper look-out by sight and hearing: Lookout by hearing is good at only one or two nautical mile due to sound wave propagation distance limitation. VHF watch may deem as part of lookout by hearing to keep awareness of nearby vessel movement in the court. Lookout by sight is limited by visibility which may be hampered by fog or any other reasons. Any collision happened in whatever reason (regardless the storm, fog, rough sea, GPS don’t work, RADAR breakdown, ownship engine failure or other ship steering gear failure) the court will say you did not have proper lookout no matter how many limitations or restrictions you may have at that time.
COLREG Rule 6 Safe Speed
Rule 6 Safe speed
Every vessel shall at all times proceed at a safe speed so that she can take proper and effective action to avoid collision and be stopped within a distance appropriate to the prevailing circumstances and conditions.
- 安全速度几乎不变的，被法庭认为是较低的速度。（事实上，如果船只不多，也许高速才更安全，因为安全的相对方位较小。）
- 安全速度几乎不变的，被法庭认为是较低的速度。（事实上，如果船只不多，也许高速才更安全，因为安全的相对方位较小。）
- Safe speed almost invariant means slower speed.
- 安全速度...以避免碰撞：只有当本船可以在合理的距离内（本船现在能见距的一半距离）停止前进，甚至倒退去避免碰撞，会被认为是安全速度。
- 安全速度...以避免碰撞：只有当本船可以在合理的距离内（本船现在能见距的一半距离）停止前进，甚至倒退去避免碰撞，会被认为是安全速度。
- safe speed …… to avoid collision: only when ownship can stop within a reasonable distance (which is half the distance of current visibility distance) to avoid collision ownship will deem as in safe speed.
In determining a safe speed the following factors shall be among those taken into account:
(a). By all vessels:
(i). the state of visibility;
- 在过去，安全速度是本船能够在现在能见距一半的距离内停止的速度。如果能见度是一海里，本船的安全速度，应该可以在半海里的距离里停止前进。如果能见度是零（下大雾），没有速度才是安全速度。
- 在过去，安全速度是本船能够在现在能见距一半的距离内停止的速度。如果能见度是一海里，本船的安全速度，应该可以在半海里的距离里停止前进。如果能见度是零（下大雾），没有速度才是安全速度。
- in ancient time, safe speed is the speed ownship can be stopped within half the distance of current visibility. If visibility is one Nautical Mile, ownship speed can reduced to zero within half Nautical Mile is our safe speed in that visibility. When visibility is zero (if fog) no speed is safe speed.
(ii). the traffic density including concentrations of fishing vessels or any other vessels;
- 安全速度要考虑减速，以避免与渔船群或其他船只的碰撞。
- 安全速度要考虑减速，以避免与渔船群或其他船只的碰撞。
-The need to slow down to avoid collision with fishing vessels in group or any other vessels,
- 本船在现行船只密度的情况下，能避免碰撞的速度。
- 本船在现行船只密度的情况下，能避免碰撞的速度。
-the speed ownship can avoid collision in current traffic density.
(iii). the manoeuvrability of the vessel with special reference to stopping distance and turning ability in the prevailing conditions;
- 本船避碰的特性，在做安全速度时要考虑。
- 本船避碰的特性，在做安全速度时要考虑。
- those characteristics of ownship have to consider when take safe speed (avoidance actions).
(iv). at night the presence of background light such as from shore lights or from back scatter of her own lights;
-夜间的安全速度，要考虑眼睛适应黑暗，与避免错觉所引起的混淆与分心，如同第一章讨论的一样。
-夜间的安全速度，要考虑眼睛适应黑暗，与避免错觉所引起的混淆与分心，如同第一章讨论的一样。
- determining a safe speed: the speed which our eye can adapt to darkness and avoid night illusions caused by confusion and distractions as chapter 1 discussed.
(v). the state of wind, sea and current, and the proximity of navigational hazards;
- 决定安全速度要避免不可抗力（风，浪，流）的影响。
- 决定安全速度要避免不可抗力（风，浪，流）的影响。
- determining a safe speed to avoid unwilling or unprepared collision caused by Force Majeure (wind, sea and current).
(vi). the draught in relation to the available depth of water.
- 本船受吃水限制所需的减速或转向，与小型船只的航路不同，所引起的混淆与奇怪的碰撞倾向。
- 本船受吃水限制所需的减速或转向，与小型船只的航路不同，所引起的混淆与奇怪的碰撞倾向。
- Ownship have to go slow speed or alter course in deep water track which may different from small vessels’ route and confused them with strange collision risk.
(b). Additionally, by vessels with operational radar:
(i). the characteristics, efficiency and limitations of the radar equipment;
-你不能用雷达的不良，在超速的碰撞案件中做理由。
- 你不能用雷达的不良，在超速的碰撞案件中做理由。
- You cannot use your radar malfunctions as excuse of excess speed in collision case.
(ii). any constraints imposed by the radar range scale in use;
- 你不能用雷达的探测距离不够，当做超速的理由。
- 你不能用雷达的探测距离不够，当做超速的理由。
- You cannot use your radar detection range is not enough as an excuse of over speed.
(iii). the effect on radar detection of the sea state, weather and other sources of interference;
- 你不能用雷达的探测，受限於海象，气候与其他的干扰扰乱做为超速的理由。
- 你不能用雷达的探测，受限于海象，气候与其他的干扰扰乱做为超速的理由。
- You cannot use radar detection of target impaired by sea state, weather and other sources of interference as an excuse of over speed.
(iv). the possibility that small vessels, ice and other floating objects may not be detected by radar at an adequate range;
- 小型船只，冰山或其他漂浮物无法被雷达探测到，是你的错。避免这些危险，你应该减速。
- 小型船只，冰山或其他漂浮物无法被雷达探测到，是你的错。避免这些危险，你应该减速。
- small vessels, ice and other floating objects may not be detected by radar is your fault. To avoid these dangers, you should reduce speed to a safe speed.
(v). the number, location and movement of vessels detected by radar;
- 如果雷达萤幕里目标太多，你无法确定他们的动向，你应该减速。
- 如果雷达荧幕里目标太多，你无法确定他们的动向，你应该减速。
- if too many vessels inside Radar screen which you cannot make sure of their movements you should reduce to a safe speed.
(vi). the more exact assessment of the visibility that may be possible when radar is used to determine the range of vessels or other objects in the vicinity.
- 如果你不知道现在的能见距，不能用能见距的一半距离停止本船，你就不是安全速度。
-如果你不知道现在的能见距，不能用能见距的一半距离停止本船，你就不是安全速度。
- If you don’t know visibility now you cannot stop your vessel within half distance of visibility. Then, you are not in a safe speed.
COLREG Rule 7 Risk of collision
Rule 7 Risk of collision
(a). Every vessel shall use all available means appropriate to the prevailing circumstances and conditions to determine if risk of collision exists. If there is any doubt such risk shall be deemed to exist.
-所有有用的方法，使用包括雷达 阿帕 VHF, AIS, GPS电子海图 等等，但是风险自负。
-所有有用的方法，使用包括雷达 阿帕 VHF, AIS, GPS电子海图 等等，但是风险自负。
- all available means- Visual, RADAR, ARPA, VHF, AIS, ECDIS, GPS is at your own risk to use.
-如果对於目标方位变化，可用资料不充分，有任何疑问，碰撞危机应该认为存在，最好是采取行动，以免无谓的等待。
-如果对于目标方位变化，可用资料不充分，有任何疑问，碰撞危机应该认为存在，最好是采取行动，以免无谓的等待。
- If there is any doubt- Target bearing change is not obvious or insufficient data available.
- such risk shall be deemed to exist- it is better to take action than just waits.
(b). Proper use shall be made of radar equipment if fitted and operational, including long-range scanning to obtain early warning of risk of collision and radar plotting or equivalent systematic observation of detected objects.
-雷达设备如果装置并可用时：如果有装置雷达并可用时，应该适当地运用，以探测碰撞危机，这是避碰规则的规定。
-雷达设备如果装置并可用时：如果有装置雷达并可用时，应该适当地运用，以探测碰撞危机，这是避碰规则的规定。
- Proper use shall be made of radar equipment if fitted and operational- If ownship has good radar we shall use Radar to detect collision risk.
-长程的扫描以获得早期碰撞的警报：使用雷达和阿帕，取得碰撞危机的早期警报，也是避碰规则的要求。
-长程的扫描以获得早期碰撞的警报：使用雷达和阿帕，取得碰撞危机的早期警报，也是避碰规则的要求。
- long-range scanning to obtain early warning of risk of collision- obtain early warning of collision risk by radar or ARPA long range scanning is a requirement in COLREG
-长距离的扫描，并不是系统化观测被探测的目标，如果长距离的扫描，发现目标，然后被探测到的目标，应该被系统化观测。
-长距离的扫描，并不是系统化观测被探测的目标，如果长距离的扫描，发现目标，然后被探测到的目标，应该被系统化观测。- long range scanning is not systematic observation of detected objects. If long range scanning had found objects then systematic observation of detected objects shall be done.
-最少一部雷达设备，应该可用，否则你就不适航。在美国，海岸防卫队可以禁止你开船。
- At least one radar equipment should be operational, otherwise you are not Seaworth today.
(c). Assumptions shall not be made on the basis of scanty information, especially scanty radar information.
-目标的雷达回迹，可能在海浪，或是雨雪杂斑中消失，或是目标回迹在近距离与它船交换，或是在长距离无法探测得到目标。这些都是不充份的雷达资料，会是你的错误，如果用这些做错误假设的依据。
-目标的雷达回迹，可能在海浪，或是雨雪杂斑中消失，或是目标回迹在近距离与它船交换，或是在长距离无法探测得到目标。这些都是不充份的雷达资料，会是你的错误，如果用这些做错误假设的依据。
- Target radar echo may lose in sea/rain clutter or target swap in close range or may not detectable in long range. These are scanty RADAR information which will be your fault to make assumptions on these bases.
-目标的动向，在前几次扫描到的时候，并不正确，或是在接收的时候，收到间断的目标回迹，因为本船雷达的在接收的时候，受到干扰，在这些时候，当值船副的雷达和阿帕的了望，是帮助不大。
-目标的动向，在前几次扫描到的时候，并不正确，或是在接收的时候，收到间断的目标回迹，因为本船雷达的在接收的时候，受到干扰，在这些时候，当值船副的雷达和阿帕的了望，是帮助不大。
-Target movement may not correct by first few scanning of antenna or interrupted in receiving due to interferences experienced by ownship’s radar. In this moment, OOW are helpless by radar/ARPA lookout.
- 目测 雷达 阿帕 AIS VHF 探测到的资料，或是接收，交换到的资料，当值船副应使用适度的勤勉去确认其正确。
- 目测 雷达 阿帕 AIS VHF 探测到的资料，或是接收，交换到的资料，当值船副应使用适度的勤勉去确认其正确。
- Visual / Radar / ARPA / AIS / VHF data detected or received or exchanged should positive identify by OOW with due diligent.
-百分之百的正确是不可能，无论如何，使用适度的注意，去确认正确是当值船副的工作。
-百分之百的正确是不可能，无论如何，使用适度的注意，去确认正确是当值船副的工作。
- 100 percent correctness is impossible. Anyway, it’s OOW job to do it with due diligent.
(d). In determining if risk of collision exists the following considerations shall be among those taken into account:
(i). such risk shall be deemed to exist if the compass bearing of an approaching vessel does not appreciably change;
- 罗经方位的明显变化：取决於目标船的船型，尺寸与本船的距离来决定的。在图形2-05我们知道小型船只在左边，向左移动6度的方位，在半海里的距离外，是安全的，这是对长度30米的小船而言，如果是300公尺的大船，这就不一定安全。
- 罗经方位的明显变化：取决于目标船的船型，尺寸与本船的距离来决定的。在图形2-05我们知道小型船只在左边，向左移动6度的方位，在半海里的距离外，是安全的，这是对长度30米的小船而言，如果是300公尺的大船，这就不一定安全。
- compass bearing appreciably change: depends on target vessel’s type, size and distance to ownship. In Figure 2-05, we learned Portside vessel moving 6 degrees to portside in half nautical mile distance away is safe for small vessel size in 30 meters.
- 小船在半海里的距离，方位改变6度，（往正确的方向，也就是远离本船的船头）是97米的安全通过距离，这是926米 * sin(60) = 97米。
- 小船在半海里的距离，方位改变6度，（往正确的方向，也就是远离本船的船头）是97米的安全通过距离，这是926米 * sin(60) = 97米。
- For small target at distance of half nautical mile away (926 meters), the bearing change of 6 degrees in correct direction (away from ownship’s bow) can create 97 meters safe passing distance. 926 m x Sin ( 60) = 97 meters.
-在323公尺长的大型船，四海里的距离外，方位变化5度，通过的距离会是 1852公尺 X 4 SIN(60) 等於645.6公尺。这就大约是大船两倍的船长，也就是我们通行时，X需要的安全距离。
-在323公尺长的大型船，四海里的距离外，方位变化5度，通过的距离会是 1852公尺 X 4 X SIN(60) 等于645.6公尺。这就大约是大船两倍的船长，也就是我们通行时，需要的安全距离。
- For big vessel in 323 meters length over all LOA at distance of 4 nm, the bearing change of 5 degrees, the passing distance is 1852 m x 4 x Sin (60) = 645.6 meters. This is about two times length over all LOA of 323 meters vessel needed for safe passing.
(ii). such risk may sometimes exist even when an appreciable bearing change is evident, particularly when approaching a very large vessel or a tow or when approaching a vessel at close range.
- 即使方位明显改变，有可能碰撞危机仍然存在：
- 即使方位明显改变，有可能碰撞危机仍然存在
such risk may sometimes exist even when an appreciable bearing change