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人文航海2-25工作经验养成的不同
第三是建立联系的困难 “看著目标和直接沟通 - 船长对船长 - 是避免碰撞的最有效手段,但这绝对不可能在海军的船上发生。
第五是 沟通的语言习惯不同 “沟通问题并不止於此。美国海军舰艇以大量词汇,缩写, 测量单位来协助,在军官之间,复杂系统资讯可以迅速的移动。这对美国海军军官之间的沟通,非常有效,但对外国船长来说, 却是不具意义 。
第五是 沟通的语言习惯不同 “沟通问题并不止於此。美国海军舰艇以大量词汇,缩写, 测量单位来协助,在军官之间,复杂系统资讯可以迅速的移动。这对美国海军军官之间的沟通,非常有效,但对外国船长来说, 却是不具意义 。
第六是工作经验养成的不同
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人文航海2-25Marine Guidance Notes MGN 324 (M+F)
第三是建立联系的困难 “看著目标和直接沟通 - 船长对船长 - 是避免碰撞的最有效手段,但这绝对不可能在海军的船上发生。当商船试图打电话给美国海军军舰时,他首先必须建立联系。打电话给另一艘商船比较容易,您可以在AIS上找到船舶的名称,并在VHF上呼叫。但美国海军经常须关闭其AIS发射器,以防止敌人通过诸如MarineTraffic.com这样的网站跟踪军舰。 联系海军船只的另一种方法是,通过呼叫军舰编号,但是由於各种原因,海军并不总是,会对这一组编号作出回应。” 第四是沟通的情绪问题 “就算你与迎面而来的驱逐舰,建立了联系,你将遇到另一个主要障碍。回应你电话的人,不是船长,而是一名初级军官或士官,他将信息转发给船上的长官,再将其转交给船长。然后船长的回应,必须依照原来的指挥链回覆,直到时间和信息都流失后,造成错误,或发生延误。生硬的资讯,往往总是能准确传达,但是更为细致的信息 - 如船长声音的声调或愤怒,犹豫或疲惫 - 都会失去。”
第五是 沟通的语言习惯不同 “沟通问题并不止於此。美国海军舰艇以大量词汇,缩写, 测量单位来协助,在军官之间,复杂系统资讯可以迅速的移动。这对美国海军军官之间的沟通,非常有效,但对外国船长来说, 却是不具意义 。例如 美国海军习惯用LEFT RIGHT来说明 ,左右转动的方向。 商船船长,却是用国际通用的 PORT Side STARBOARD Side来表明左右方。商船喜欢用罗盘上的真方位来表明方向,但是海军的舰长,却喜欢用相对於本船船首向的相对方位, 最让人沮丧的是, 商船使用海里表示距离,但海军军官则是以码数来衡量一切。 第六是工作经验养成的不同 “无限制吨位商船船长,需要海事学院的学士学位,加上大约10年的海勤时间,并完成了数周的激烈测试,以获得无限制航行许可证。这些要求(如拥有大学学位),有一些取决於船旗国的规定,但所有海事国家都有严格的规则,管理这10年在海上的天数。一艘商船船长,每天至少要花上几个小时在船上工作。这意味著避免碰撞的经验很多。 美国海军,也对兵员有严格的标准。例如,如果你想操作雷达,你必须通过普通考试,被选中,参加海军挑战性的“A”学校,承诺提供五年的服务义务。然后登船的士兵,必须在没当班的官员的监视下,证明其船上的工作能力。海军船上的每一件关键装备,都有一名受过高度训练合格的人员在操作。在驾驶台和战情中心(CIC)上工作的人员,总数超过十几人。 自己操作所有设备的商船船长,常常要用自己的经验和专业,填补信息的空白。但海军军官,却有相反的问题。所有为他经常工作的人员,提供了太多的信息,他必须利用他的知识和经验,来过滤掉不必要的数据。问题是,他能有多少经验? 一艘商船的船长,不必在办公室工作,他从来没有被送到机房当过一班,在他的船上,只有二十几人要管理,他没有太多的行政和纪律责任。
指挥一条海军驱逐舰,水兵人数是他的五倍。 但不像商船,和在军舰上工作的士官,美国海军军官和他的甲板军官(OOD)都是通才。他们职业生涯的很大一部分,是在岸上工作,他们在船的时间,经常转移职位:机舱,战情中心,行政职位和其他地方。 简而言之,商船船长和船副当班花的时间,比起海军舰艇上的相同职务,要多得多。” Navigation: Watchkeeping Safety – Use of VHF Radio and AIS Summary Given the continuing number of casualties where the misuse of very high frequency marine radio has been established as a contributory factor, it has been decided to re-issue the MCA guidance on the use of Very High Frequency radio (VHF). Additionally, appropriate use of the Automatic Identification System (AIS), especially with regard to collision avoidance, has been highlighted in conformance with the IMO guidelines which have been revised in December 2015. Key Points Although the use of Very High Frequency (VHF) radio transciever may be justified on occasion as a collision avoidance aid, the provisions of the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea, 1972 (COLREG) should remain uppermost. The use of marine VHF equipment must be in accordance with the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) Radio Regulations. There is currently no explicit provision in the COLREG for the use of AIS information, however, the potential of AIS to improve situation awareness is recognised and AIS may be included as such in the future. The navigation safety related functions of AIS are to help identify ships, assist in target tracking and provide additional information to assist situation awareness. Limitations of AIS with respect to mandatory carriage based on vessel types and sizes have also been highlighted.\ 2.1 All users of marine VHF on United Kingdom vessels and all other vessels in UK territorial waters and harbours are reminded in conformance with international and national legislation, that marine VHF equipment may only be used in accordance with the ITU Radio Regulations. These Regulations specifically prescribe that: a) Channel 16 may only be used for distress, urgency and very brief safety communications, and for calling to establish other communications which should then be concluded on a suitable working channel; b) Channel 70 may only be used for Digital Selective Calling, not oral communication; c) On VHF channels allocated to port operations or ship movement services, such as VTS, the only messages permitted are restricted to those relating to operational handling, the movement and the safety of ships and to the safety of persons; d) All conversations must be preceded by an identification, for example the vessel’s name or call sign; and e) The service of every VHF radio telephone station must be controlled by an operator holding a certificate issued or recognised by the station’s controlling Administration. This is usually the country of registration, if the vessel is registered. Provided that the Station is so controlled, other persons besides the holder of the certificate may use the equipment.
第三是建立联系的困难 “看著目标和直接沟通 - 船长对船长 - 是避免碰撞的最有效手段,但这绝对不可能在海军的船上发生。当商船试图打电话给美国海军军舰时,他首先必须建立联系。打电话给另一艘商船比较容易,您可以在AIS上找到船舶的名称,并在VHF上呼叫。但美国海军经常须关闭其AIS发射器,以防止敌人通过诸如MarineTraffic.com这样的网站跟踪军舰。 联系海军船只的另一种方法是,通过呼叫军舰编号,但是由於各种原因,海军并不总是,会对这一组编号作出回应。” 第四是沟通的情绪问题 “就算你与迎面而来的驱逐舰,建立了联系,你将遇到另一个主要障碍。回应你电话的人,不是船长,而是一名初级军官或士官,他将信息转发给船上的长官,再将其转交给船长。然后船长的回应,必须依照原来的指挥链回覆,直到时间和信息都流失后,造成错误,或发生延误。生硬的资讯,往往总是能准确传达,但是更为细致的信息 - 如船长声音的声调或愤怒,犹豫或疲惫 - 都会失去。”
第五是 沟通的语言习惯不同 “沟通问题并不止於此。美国海军舰艇以大量词汇,缩写, 测量单位来协助,在军官之间,复杂系统资讯可以迅速的移动。这对美国海军军官之间的沟通,非常有效,但对外国船长来说, 却是不具意义 。例如 美国海军习惯用LEFT RIGHT来说明 ,左右转动的方向。 商船船长,却是用国际通用的 PORT Side STARBOARD Side来表明左右方。商船喜欢用罗盘上的真方位来表明方向,但是海军的舰长,却喜欢用相对於本船船首向的相对方位, 最让人沮丧的是, 商船使用海里表示距离,但海军军官则是以码数来衡量一切。 第六是工作经验养成的不同 “无限制吨位商船船长,需要海事学院的学士学位,加上大约10年的海勤时间,并完成了数周的激烈测试,以获得无限制航行许可证。这些要求(如拥有大学学位),有一些取决於船旗国的规定,但所有海事国家都有严格的规则,管理这10年在海上的天数。一艘商船船长,每天至少要花上几个小时在船上工作。这意味著避免碰撞的经验很多。 美国海军,也对兵员有严格的标准。例如,如果你想操作雷达,你必须通过普通考试,被选中,参加海军挑战性的“A”学校,承诺提供五年的服务义务。然后登船的士兵,必须在没当班的官员的监视下,证明其船上的工作能力。海军船上的每一件关键装备,都有一名受过高度训练合格的人员在操作。在驾驶台和战情中心(CIC)上工作的人员,总数超过十几人。 自己操作所有设备的商船船长,常常要用自己的经验和专业,填补信息的空白。但海军军官,却有相反的问题。所有为他经常工作的人员,提供了太多的信息,他必须利用他的知识和经验,来过滤掉不必要的数据。问题是,他能有多少经验? 一艘商船的船长,不必在办公室工作,他从来没有被送到机房当过一班,在他的船上,只有二十几人要管理,他没有太多的行政和纪律责任。
指挥一条海军驱逐舰,水兵人数是他的五倍。 但不像商船,和在军舰上工作的士官,美国海军军官和他的甲板军官(OOD)都是通才。他们职业生涯的很大一部分,是在岸上工作,他们在船的时间,经常转移职位:机舱,战情中心,行政职位和其他地方。 简而言之,商船船长和船副当班花的时间,比起海军舰艇上的相同职务,要多得多。” Navigation: Watchkeeping Safety – Use of VHF Radio and AIS Summary Given the continuing number of casualties where the misuse of very high frequency marine radio has been established as a contributory factor, it has been decided to re-issue the MCA guidance on the use of Very High Frequency radio (VHF). Additionally, appropriate use of the Automatic Identification System (AIS), especially with regard to collision avoidance, has been highlighted in conformance with the IMO guidelines which have been revised in December 2015. Key Points Although the use of Very High Frequency (VHF) radio transciever may be justified on occasion as a collision avoidance aid, the provisions of the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea, 1972 (COLREG) should remain uppermost. The use of marine VHF equipment must be in accordance with the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) Radio Regulations. There is currently no explicit provision in the COLREG for the use of AIS information, however, the potential of AIS to improve situation awareness is recognised and AIS may be included as such in the future. The navigation safety related functions of AIS are to help identify ships, assist in target tracking and provide additional information to assist situation awareness. Limitations of AIS with respect to mandatory carriage based on vessel types and sizes have also been highlighted.\ 2.1 All users of marine VHF on United Kingdom vessels and all other vessels in UK territorial waters and harbours are reminded in conformance with international and national legislation, that marine VHF equipment may only be used in accordance with the ITU Radio Regulations. These Regulations specifically prescribe that: a) Channel 16 may only be used for distress, urgency and very brief safety communications, and for calling to establish other communications which should then be concluded on a suitable working channel; b) Channel 70 may only be used for Digital Selective Calling, not oral communication; c) On VHF channels allocated to port operations or ship movement services, such as VTS, the only messages permitted are restricted to those relating to operational handling, the movement and the safety of ships and to the safety of persons; d) All conversations must be preceded by an identification, for example the vessel’s name or call sign; and e) The service of every VHF radio telephone station must be controlled by an operator holding a certificate issued or recognised by the station’s controlling Administration. This is usually the country of registration, if the vessel is registered. Provided that the Station is so controlled, other persons besides the holder of the certificate may use the equipment.