Chapter 8: Situational Awareness for Master

8 – 01 Background story of Simulator exercises 

8-01 learning theory of simulator exercises

8-02 Old man is not guaranteed but the man did it many times lately can survive.

8-03 Definitions of collision points, lines and area

8-04 The concept of Collision Point Risk:  Collision is actually Captain’s decision.

8-05 Studies of Collision Points and collision times

8-06 Studies of Collision Line Risk:  collision time awareness

8-07 Studies of Collision Area Risk:  keep away from these areas as early as possible

8 – 02 Collision Awareness Exercise – 01 Safe Speed

8-08 How to read collision Point risk from 6 minutes speed vectors  

8-09 How to read collision time from 6 minutes speed vectors

8-10 Situational Awareness of target vessel’s threat to ownship

8-11 Situational Awareness procedures in collision avoidance: AIS might help 

8-12 Situational Awareness procedures in collision avoidance: visual advantage over radar 

8-13 In visual lookout: her rate of turn is slow down or steady as usual.

8-14 In visual lookout: very easy skill in 3 minutes speed vector

8-15 BCT bow crossing time is decided by collision point in target vessel’s speed vector

8-16 Collision risk is proportional to ownship speed.

8 – 03 Collision Awareness Exercise – 02 Collision area risk awareness

8-17 Safe speed can save your life; safe position can save all your troubles.

8-18 Traffic patterns in traffic crossing area.

8-19 Safe position is more important than safe speed. 

8-20 Working habits while attending bridge duty call. 

8-21 NO RIGHTS IN TRAFFIC SEPARATIONS SCHEMES

8-22 Tips for navigating in traffic separation schemes 

8-23 Safe position is not our luck but created alongside. 

8 – 04 Collision Awareness Exercise – 03 Safe Heading

8-24 Find the way to safe side of collision area.

8-25 Slow steaming into collision area.

8 – 05 Collision Awareness Exercise – 04 Speed up option

8-26 Collision risk change as our speed vector change.

8 – 06 Collision Awareness Exercise – 05 Control turning rate

8-27 Seamanship is not a personality in ship handling, it is yours self-training result.

8-28 What they had not taught you, you already get used to it.

8-29 When heading change over 20 degrees, control the turning in narrow channel.

8-30 Collision line concept:  It is like CPA concept in passing time difference term.

8-31 Same speed vessel has almost no collision risk, we are free to alter course behind her.

8-32 control turning rate: do not give over 20 degrees course change for helmsman to steer.

8 – 07 Collision Awareness Exercise – 06 General traffic direction

8-33 Speed Vector provide situational awareness while ownship have to alter course.

8-34 3 minutes Speed Vector is used as collision line to provide TTC.

8-35 Target vessel arrive collision point time is read from collision point in her speed vector.

8-36 Her passing time is decided by ownship’s course.

8 – 08 Collision Awareness Exercise – 07 Avoid overtaking vessel

8-37 Excess speed is inviting collision risk with overtaken vessels.

8-38 Compare speed vector length to get overtaken situational awareness

8-39 Keep away from separation zone to reduce chance to collide.

8-40 Keep same course with overtaking vessel is relative safe.

8 – 09 Collision Awareness Exercise – 08 Speed reducing rate

8-41 Reduce engine boldly, Change course carefully

8-42 Is it worth to evaluate the situation after 3 minutes?

8-43 Is it effective to alter course 10 degrees in collision avoidance?

8-44 Speed reducing mechanism:

8 – 10 Collision Awareness Exercise – 09  Full Rudder used

8-45 Every 5 degrees course change has the effect to move collision point 1.5 minutes later.

8-46 Change course frequently to avoid crossing vessel is a sign of no radar lookout skill

8-47 It may be fun but the crude truth is you are not competent yet.

8-48 Titanic Effect: Hard Over Rudder angle without engine expel current.

8-49 Nature of collision risk inside narrow channel.

8 – 11 Collision Awareness Exercise – 10  Rudder Cycling

8-50 Conduct Rudder cycling to reduce excess speed.

8-51 Four vessels’ speed vectors have no collision point with ownship now.

8-52 Conduct Rudder cycling to reduce excess speed.

Figure 8-01 Collision Avoidance simulator scene at SGP harbor pilot station

Figure 8-011 Collision between USS JOHN S MCCAIN and Motor Vessel ALNIC MC, UNCLASSIFIED

Figure 8-02 Collision Risk in Point, and Line 

​​​​Figure 8-03 Collision Area Risk in Square 

Figure 8-04 How to read collision risk from ownship’s 6 minutes speed vectors  

Figure 8-05 How to read collision line risk from vessel’s 3 minutes speed vectors  

Figure 8-06 How to read collision Area risk from vessel’s speed vectors 

Figure 8-07 How to read collision Point risk from 6 minutes speed vectors  

Figure 8-08 How to read collision time from 6 minutes speed vectors

Figure 8-09 Examine the course line setting here.

Figure 8-10 Situation after 45 seconds.

Figure 8-11 Situation after 90 seconds.

Figure 8-12 Situation after 2 minutes 30 seconds.

Figure 8-13 Situation after 3 minutes 00 seconds at speed of 13.9 knots.

Figure 8-14 Compared situations after 3 minutes speed reduction from 19.3 to 13.9 knots.

Figure 8-15 Situations after 5.5 minutes at speed of 10.7 knots, heading 052⁰ (T).

Figure 8-16 Traffic crossing area inside traffic separation scheme

Figure 8-17 Trouble water where others vessel's intention unclear

Figure 8-18 Choose our heading inside the traffic separation scheme

Figure 8-19 Turning circle inside the traffic separation scheme

Figure 8-20 Ownship slow steaming into collision area after 5.5 minutes

Figure 8-21 Ownship sail in high speed and varied course

Figure 8-22 Ownship sail in reduced speed and hard port After 5 minutes 53 seconds

Figure 8-23 General pattern of collision avoidance in these scenario   

Figure 8-24 Ownship sail in reduced speed and hard port After 3 minutes time  

Figure 8-25 Ownship maneuvering to sail away separation zone at 01m30s hours   

Figure 8-26 Ownship westbound Co.246⁰(T), speed 21 Knots, speed vector in 3 minutes setting

Figure 8-27 Collision awareness with speed vector in 6 and 9 minutes setting

Figure 8-28 Ownship westbound with speed vector in 3/6 minutes setting after 1^m 30^S

Figure 8-29 Ownship westbound with speed vector in 3 minutes setting after 2^m 30^s

Figure 8-30 Ownship westbound with speed vector in 3 minutes setting after 3^m 30^s

Figure 8-31 Ownship westbound with speed vector in 6 minutes setting after 3^m 30^s

Figure 8-32 Ownship westbound with speed vector in 3 minutes setting after 4 ^m 30 ^s

Figure 8-33 Ownship westbound with speed vector in 3 minutes setting after 5 ^m 37 ^s

Figure 8-34 Ownship speed vector in 3/6 minutes setting after 1 minute 

Figure 8-35 Ownship speed vector in 3 minutes after 2 and 3.5 minutes 

Figure 8-36 Ownship speed vector in 3 minutes after 5 m 

Figure 8-37 Ownship 3 minutes speed vector after 2 minutes 

Figure 8-38 Ownship speed vector in 3 / 6 minutes after 3.5 minutes 

Figure 8-39 Ownship speed vector in 3 minutes after 5 and 6.5 minutes 

Figure 8-40 Ownship speed vector in 3 / 6 minutes after 1 minutes 

Figure 8-41 Ownship speed vector in 3 minutes after 2 minutes 

Figure 8-42 Ownship speed vector in 3 / 6 minutes after 3 and 4 minutes 

Figure 8-43 Ownship speed vector in 3 / 6 minutes after 5 and 6 minutes 

Figure 8-44 Ownship’s choice after 3 minutes which side course should change 20 degrees to?

Figure 8-45 Ownship speed vector in 3 minutes after 2 minutes 

Figure 8-46 Ownship speed vector in 6 minutes after 2 minutes 

Figure 8-47 Ownship 3 minutes speed vector after 3.5 and 4.5 minutes