Human Element in Training and Watch Keeping
Why bother to read this book?
• Make best use of limited human recourses to all situations on bridge
• Identify skills in need for responsible personal on bridge
• Differential key safety components in each navigation area
• Recognise which environment variants may deteriorate the situation
• Avoid unconscious mistake of individual human
• Underpin team work spirit from subconscious
培訓和瞭望中的人為因素
為什麼要讀這本書呢？
•充分利用有限的人力資源來應對船橋上的所有情況
•確定船橋上負責任的個人所需的技能
•每個導航區域中的差異化關鍵安全組件
•識別哪些環境變量可能會使情況惡化
•避免個人無意識的錯誤
•從潛意識中增強團隊合作精神
What’s new available only in this book?
All new knowledge, skill and procedures are originated from daily practice on board which provide holistic picture of all situations.
• It’s beyond all academic teaching, company circular and statute requirement.
• The reason of different knowledge, skill and procedures accumulated in 20 years are closely related to human memory structure which make these can be used in next generation mariner without any discrepancy.
• No more evaluate the situation with fragile digital information which need rehearsal from time to time at bridge.
• Overcome deficiency of ARPA and Radar presentation.
• Said skills been well recognized over and over again in simulator exercises.
本書僅提供哪些新功能？
所有新知識，新技能和新程序都源自船上的日常實踐，可提供所有情況的整體信息。
•超出了所有學術教學，公司通告和法規的要求。
•20年積累的不同知識，技能和程序的原因與人類的記憶結構密切相關，這使得它們可以毫無差異地用於下一代海員。
•不再使用脆弱的數字信息來評估情況，這些信息需要不時在橋上進行複習。
•克服ARPA和雷達顯示的不足。
•這些技巧在模擬器練習中一再得到確認。
The aim of this book
is to offer guidance to cultivate and improve well-being of seafarer at seas in their standards of navigation and collision avoidance through use of knowledge, skill and instinct of greater human element in situation at the individual level and when working as a bridge team.
這本書的目的
通過在個人情況下以及作為過渡團隊工作時，通過使用知識，技能和更大的人為元素的本能，為在海上航行和避免碰撞標準中培養和改善海員福祉提供指導。
Main features composed in this book
The situation awareness of individual seafarer
are divided in four levels of shipboard personnel including:
Officer to be, Officer of Watch, Chief mate and Master in considering different lookout Knowledge, skill, procedures and sailing scenarios they faced in day to day navigation watch.
Human Element in Memory structure
are limitations we faced to all personal in their daily activities.
Sensory memory (short term memory, conscious variant) is our Knowledge
which is limited to 5 ± 2 items and duration of 20 seconds only.
Long-Term memory (subconscious reaction) is our Skill
is only available after two months through up and down rehearsals, however it may not available in our conscious level when we need it.
Instinct (unconscious action) is our Habit
is available only after who knows how many years. It is unconscious like walking and running in the groove. It is reliable in your golden era but lost it without knowing why and when, like Tiger Woods in his swing. The cause may be of tired, alcoholic, aging or lapse of mind. These are reasons why we need BRM in bridge.
All lookout knowledge (situation awareness)
is derived from one simple definition of collision “Two objects pass same place at same time will cause a collision.”
Collision Risk Avoidance
Cultivated the ability to avoid collision risk from 4 nautical miles of one ship’s collision point (OOW level), 2 nautical miles of collision line (chief level) and multiple ships collision area within 1 nautical mile (master level). Special efforts in Collision Awareness Exercise are endeavor to control the collision risk in close range with multiple vessels’ situation.
Applied principle in visual lookout
is Relative Bearing in graphical form which is closely related to Human instinct and emergency maneuvering. True bearing in digital form had been avoided if possible due to limited human short-term memory capacity in handling digital information.
Applied principle in radar/ARPA lookout
is by speed vector usage which provide instinct graphical solution to solve single ship situation to all targets at sea just with one trained glimpse.
The Skill need in ship handling
to avoid collision line in last minute is derived from examining numerous accidents of wrong maneuvering concept.
Graphical acquired
are recommended to all situations. We had derived many graphical signs available outside your bridge window to acquire early awareness from one vessel by eye to solution of multi ship encounter by radar.
Numerical acquired
had not abandoned at all. We had derived many numerical guidelines to provide early awareness and solution to complicated situation like an omen and converted it into graphical form if possible to avoid “lapse of mind” as numbers are always overflow from our short-term memory.
The reason of Human Mistake
Young man has literal knowledge in subconscious which had not correct connected with real scenarios, i.e. he can recognise it by book but cannot do it at scene. Officer in Management level is “fat finger” pushed or turn off wrong button without double check which is lack of attention. Experienced master may subject to “lapse of mind” state, lost all memory for a short time or stick to wrong procedures for a long time. To avoid the mistake, we need signs as much as possible to stimulate all our memory area.
The interaction of Bridge Team
Multi nationalities ship is the norm for this century. How to overcome culture difference, communication, persuasion, assertiveness, defer to authority, cross reference, hesitation and fear are gained from studying human related practices being used in other industries and in our society more generally.
COLREG related topic
are real case related for possible solutions to multi-ship collision avoidance or multi-parties’ interaction in narrow channel passage.
Voyage planning
is to avoid collision from our course line arrangement which is the cheapest solution to all hidden danger.
Navigation Exercises
is ultimate test of navigation team ability and your own knowledge to cope with actual situation with new practice and procedures to raise our awareness and cultivate necessary instinct in the long run.