Chapter 1: Knowledge and Situational Awareness for Rating

1-01 Knowledge, feeling and instinct for Rating

1-01 What is Situational Awareness? knowledge, feeling and instinct

1-02 Situational Knowledge 

1-03 Situational Feeling: 

1-04 Situational Instinct

1-05 Situational Awareness improvement at sea

1-02 Visual Lookout on bearing: Aspect, relative bearing, line of sight 

1-06  Knowledge Awareness for Rating: Visual Lookout

1-07  Verifying target’s portside or starboardside ( aspect )

1-08  Target’s aspect is not same as ownship

1-09 Lookout at sea: Aspect and Blossom effect

1-10 Finding collision risk by unchanged relative bearing.

1-11 Visual clues in lookout duty

1-12 How to verify target relative bearing changing?  Using line of sight.

1-13 Principle of Line of Sight

1-14 Characteristics of visual marks

1-15 Why we need to set up line of sight for use

1-16 Target vessel is not at her original direction

1-17 Visual relative bearing on deck: first instinct in lookout 

1-03 Visual Lookout of distance: Horizon, bow wave and wake current

1-18 How to tell target distance at sea？ Second instinct in lookout

1-19 Queries from duty AB: the calling from past sea generations

1-20 “Beyond the horizon”: How Far Can You See at Sea?

1-21 The water line is the highest line where ship’s vertical hull submerged

1-22 The lower water-line to the horizon, the closer distance to us. 

1-23 Target has bow wave at 4 N. Miles range: in action range

1-24 Vessel with no bow wave in close range may be a safe sign.

1-25 Target vessel with wake at 1 N. Mile range: quick response range

1-26 Lost horizon is lost visibility

1-27 Sea Smoke

1-04 Nightfall at sea: Limitations, illusions, deceptions, 

1-28 Nightfall at sea 

1-29 Bridge Navigational Watch Alarm System, abbreviated BNWAS

1-30 Due diligent we need in night watch, 

1-31 How can we judge target distance by night? First sight of fishing boats is at 7 NM.

1-32 Knowing small vessels distance by lights on deck at 4 nm

1-33 The blossom effect for ocean going vessel at 4 nm

1-34 Reflection on water: Vessels close to ownship at 2 nm range 

1-35 Limitations of human eyes at night

1-36 Mistake for cone cells are not functional. 

1-37 Eye’s adaptation to darkness: 100,000 times more sensitive after 30 minutes 

1-38 Night illusions can cause confusion and distractions 

1-39 Bearing change at Night 

1-40 Glare length on bridge

1-05 Situational Awareness for Rating: Visual Contact

1-41 C-15: Lookout should inform 3/O this is a big vessel

1-42 C-14: Now lookout should know by visual this vessel is portside facing ownship starboard side.

1-43 C-11: But if you don’t answer, he shall be forced to take action to make himself clear.

1-44 C-9: Can we know the fishing vessel’s distance by her reflection on water?

1-45 C-8: Radar echo of this vessel CF CRYSTAL became smaller in close-range.

1-46 C-5: If we did not have visual contact with fishing boat we will blind of her movement by RADAR lookout only.

1-06 Situational Awareness: Starboard side is full

1-47 But what action can I take in this situation? Starboard side is full.

1-48 C-4: C/O handed over the watch to the 3/O without looking outside window and inside radar.

1-49 Inside the bridge of SANCHI, AB: Charlie is passed, right? A little to starboard? (is this command mode?)

1-50 C-3: 3/O keeps talking to ease his anxiety of collision. it is a bad habit.

1-07 Situational Feelings: Persuasion formula

1-51 An instruction of AB to 3/O if you know persuasion formula.

1-52 BRM culture of this ship.

1-08 Situational Instincts: collision risk is imminent 

1-53 C-2: Wrong priority or defer to authority by human nature

1-54 Collision can happen at one place and one time only.

1-55 C-1: Turning characteristics of different size container vessels.

1-56 C-1: Weakest link in safety culture on the bridge. No visual lookout training, practice, skill and instinct. 

1-57 Wrong instinct when collision already happened

1-58 Amend navigational lights in COLREG for easy refence of target vessel’s movement.

1-09 Lookout in CF CRYSTAL bridge

1-10 Summary

1-59 STCW certified training course and OOW

1-60 Annex I: Consider installing alleyway lights